Local Proposal Essay Topics - Easy and Funny Tips to Get Your Essay Plausibly!

Local Proposal Essay Topics - Easy and Funny Tips to Get Your Essay Plausibly!When you write your first local proposal essay, you will be surprised at how difficult it can be to come up with interesting local proposal essay topics. First of all, the idea is to present a proposal to a particular potential client. Having good local proposal essay topics will give you an edge in this battle.In order to make local proposal essays sound like something from a Hollywood movie, they should have plenty of detail and entertainment value. However, the more you allow yourself to write about the features of the project, the better it will sound when you submit it. That's what makes these so important to writers.The other problem with local essay topics is that they tend to get overused. Many writers seem to jump from one topic to another, which may not be what you need.A sure-fire tip is to focus on the benefits of a particular project. It's possible to draw attention to the benefits of the proje ct through your essay, but doing so will mean a lot of repetition. People want to hear about the benefits as soon as possible. You can't wait until you've written the first half of your local proposal essay and then talk about it.Another tip is to start the essay with a story, or an anecdote related to a certain local issue. Often times people will think it's nice to hear a nice story, but may not necessarily be interested in hearing about your actual credentials. Your story will be compelling and get the reader's attention. The more relevant the information, the better.Finally, you will want to make sure that your local proposal essay is simple and to the point. If you are writing for a potential client, they are probably sick of reading pages of details. They need their money immediately and don't want to waste time on lengthy terms.It doesn't take a lot of experience to know that your local proposal essay topics should be easy and uncomplicated. In fact, it may be the most import ant thing you do in the first half of your document.

On His Blindness by John Milton (1655) - 1102 Words

ENG125: Introduction to Literature (GSH1140E) Instructor: Julie Alfaro October 24, 2011 What is poetry? According to the author Clugston (2010) poetry is everything the poet sees. Also according to Clugston (2010) â€Å"poetry is everything the poet senses, feels, experiences, and imagines†. Poems are built around human life experiences but written in concise and expressive figurative language form which could sometimes be difficult to understand. Not only is poetry based on human life experiences, poetry is also written to capture the reader’s attention and at the same time requires the reader to explore the poet’s imaginations. Basically, â€Å"poetry is an expression of the human spirit† (Clugston, 2011). As a result, the poem â€Å"On His†¦show more content†¦In the beginning, the first eight lines present a troubling matter about blindness. In these first eight lines, there seems to be confusion and frustration. But although the poem expresses a sad, confused, and frustrated mood, there seems to be no contradiction in what the author is feeling and what he is trying to covey. Towards the latter part of his poem, the author has come to accept the fact that he is blind. His faith in God has not diminished even though he is now blind. This self-realization and self-acceptance creates an understanding tone verses an angry tone. Lastly, the content or the message of the poem was engaging because it is a poem about a true life experience. When reading this poem and feeling the author’s frustration about being blind, yet accepting what is inevitable, it is truly amazing to see how strong he is. Although the poem was on blindness, the poet also uses words in ways they are not normally used in order to create a distinct, imaginative effect or impression throughout the poem. The poem was difficult to understand at first due to the diverse vocabularies and due to the lack of understanding poems. However, as the poem is dissected and researched, a clearer picture was developed. After reading this poem, my overall impression of the format, the tone, and the content of the poem has helped me to have a better understanding of the struggles that we go through in life. Sometimes we encounter obstacles and

Effect of Climate Change on Energy Sector-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss aobut the Impacts of Organizations as a source of Carbon emissions and Climate Change. Answer: Introduction In this research project we shall look at the impacts of organizations as a source of carbon emissions and climate change. It has been argued before that the world right now is at a tipping point in relation to climate change which is brought about by organizations being the primary source of carbon emissions in the environment. Organizations all over the world are therefore faced with the obligation of making necessary changes in regards to the reduction of carbon emission and hence impact positively to climate change and the environment. However, extensive research have been made and it has been found out that climate change is unequivocal and mainly human activities in collaboration with organizations activities have contributed to carbon dioxide emissions and this has greatly impacted the climate negatively. The IPCC computer models are indicating that the climate changes will still continue due to the greenhouse gas emissions in the 21st century and mostly these emissions are br ought about by organizations around the world dealing with production and manufacturing of different products (Daniels 2011). Projections have been made and it is observed that the continuation of rise in rates of carbon emissions will result to a global temperature of about 2.6-4.8 degrees Celsius by the end of this century. Reduction of these gas emissions requires sustainable means of stopping the greenhouse gas emissions into our environment from organizations and human activities. Literature Review This study is meant to aid in knowing whether climate change brings significant risks for organizations and is organizations the principal source of carbon emissions into the environment causing negative impact to the climate change. Organizations are the principal source of carbon emissions into the environment due to the activities carried out in manufacturing and production of different organization products. Energy demand is increasing globally every other day and this cause greenhouse gas emission from the energy sectors to increase as well. The increase in demand is brought about by increase economic growth as well as increase in population. Organizations have been working on a long-term activity of gradual decarbonisation of energy but this has failed because of increase in coal burning (Propwise 2014). However, there are adaptive options that are available to be used as preventive measure of greenhouse gas emissions. These measures are such as ensuring there is cutting emissi ons from fossil fuel extraction and conversion. There is also the option of organizations ensuring that they switch to other lower carbon fuels like doing away with coal burning to introduction of gas. Organizations can also improve the energy efficiency in regards to transmission and energy distribution. Another adaptation option is organizations ensuring there is increase in usage of renewable and nuclear generation and also the introduction of carbon capture storage so that it does not escape into the atmosphere and cause harm. The energy sector should ensure that they supply enough energy and reduce the demand for the energy so that they can stop stretching their production to meet high demands. The energy sector all over the world should come together and establish a strong global political action in regards to climate change and reduction of emissions. They should set a standard emission level of say 2 degrees Celsius temperature target. This targets will aid in ensuring all energy industries in the world is set to achieve the standard targets and this will result in a solution to complete decarbonisation. The government and carbon emissions regulators should come up with incentive measures for those that are investing in low carbon technologies. This will encourage and motivate the energy sector to come up with low carbon technologies that will help in prevention and final stoppage of carbon emissions. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions are important as it brings about benefits such as improved health as well as creation of employment opportunities. Strong mitigation policies should be put in place and failure to do so will result in the energy demand becoming higher and hi gher due to the economic growth and rise in population (Verzuh 2016). Climate change will also greatly impact the infrastructure and the means used to produce and transport energy. Climate change will cause extreme weather pattern changes that will then affect the offshore and onshore facilities. These facilities will not be able to function properly and this will result in the oil and gas industries to suffer badly in terms of production shutdowns. Climate change will also affect different geographical areas such as the coastal area as there will be a rise in sea levels. This will negatively affect the power plants in such areas and also other energy transport infrastructures such as the oil and gas pipelines. Rise in temperatures will affect electricity production and generation globally. Climate change will also affect crops and other factors. Hypotheses The hypothesis for this study is the impacts of organizations as a source of carbon emissions and climate change. Does climate change brings significant risks for organizations and is organizations the principal source of carbon emissions into the environment causing negative impact to the climate change? In this study, according to the CDP data, we shall see how organizations are the principal source of carbon emissions into the environment due to the activities carried out in manufacturing and production of different organization products. There has been an increase in coal burning and this emits dangerous gases into the atmosphere and thus causing major climate changes. Climate change has also brought about significant challenges in the energy production and transmission. This is because of the change in temperatures and weather patterns. Data Collection and Research Method The data source for this research is use of field work and researchers as well as information from the internet, books and journals. Field researcher went to different organizations especially in the energy sector and used the questionnaire to collect information in the format of question and answer. Pictures and presentations were also used to collect the necessary information. The data collection methods used is use of questionnaires by the researchers in the field and use of information gotten from books and journals in the library. The internet has also provided useful and expansive information regarding this study. Use of feedback from the research has greatly been a source of data collection method as the feedback from questionnaires has provided more information in a clear manner. The operational constructs and variables investigated are the effects of climate change and how it brings significant risks for organizations and is organizations the principal source of carbon emiss ions into the environment causing negative impact to the climate change. The variables are independent and dependent in the sense that both effects of climate change and the organization are all controlling one another. Climate change has brought about significant risks for the organization as an independent factor and the organization has also been a principal source of carbon emissions in the environment therefore affecting the climate change negatively. They are both independent variables in the sense that both climate change and organizations affect the other independently and they are dependent variables in the sense that both need each other to prevent the effects. The conceptual model between the independent and dependent variables is that both climate change and organizations affect one another in causing effects in both economy and climate change. Descriptive and inferential Data Analysis Rise in temperature in addition to a rise in world population and economic growth will result in an increase in demand for energy in the whole world. The rise in income levels in countries that are poor and in warm climates will demand more air conditioning. Air-conditioning demand is likely to rise especially in summer or in warm climate places. A projection has shown that there has been an increase in supply of air-conditioning from 300 TWh in 2000 to around 4000 TWh come 2050 as reflected in the CDP data. This growth and increase in demand is mainly due to increase in income level and also due to climate change (Symonn Black 2014). Change in weather patterns can present challenges to the solar and wind energies. The impact and risk of extreme weather patterns and events could result in decrease in energy production and power generation. This will therefore impact the economic growth of an area. Therefore, it is conclusive to say that change in climate has adverse effects on energ y and general organization activities in energy production and generation. Fig 1. Effects of organizations activities towards climate change advancing since 2000 to 2030 and beyond. The largest greenhouse gas emitter is the energy sector and measures need to be put in place such as the 2 degrees Celsius target of gas emission and introduction of non-emissions technologies such as the BEOCS approach in the CDP data. As organizations continue with their activities in ways such as energy production and generation, the climate is affected more and more and increase in carbon emissions is witnessed. This then affects the atmosphere and brings about undesirable climate changes. All these changes will eventually affect the energy demand and production. This in turn will have major implications on general global investment patterns (Rouse 2017). Energy demand is increasing globally every other day and this cause greenhouse gas emission from the energy sectors to increase as well. The increase in demand is brought about by increase economic growth as well as increase in population. So as to satisfy the demand more and more energy is required and organizations are left wi th no choice but to supply sufficient energy demand globally Hypothesis testing The hypothesis in this study is to determine the impacts of organizations as a source of carbon emissions and climate change. Does climate change brings significant risks for organizations and is organizations the principal source of carbon emissions into the environment causing negative impact to the climate change? In this study we shall see how organizations are the principal source of carbon emissions into the environment due to the activities carried out in manufacturing and production of different organization products. The increase in demand is brought about by increase economic growth as well as increase in population. So as to satisfy the demand more and more energy is required and organizations are left with no choice but to supply sufficient energy demand globally (Walker Lloyd 2017). There has been an increase in coal burning and this emits dangerous gases into the atmosphere and thus causing major climate changes. The inferential data analysis has shown that rise in tem perature in addition to a rise in world population and economic growth will result in an increase in demand for energy in the whole world. That indeed change in climate will ultimately affect and bring challenges to the energy sector globally. Change in weather patterns can present challenges to the solar and wind energies. The impact and risk of extreme weather patterns and events could result in decrease in energy production and power generation. This will therefore impact the economic growth of an area. However, various technologies have come up that cause some improvements especially in the thermal power plants and this has resulted to gains that have compensated the losses incurred before due to high ambient temperatures. Other improvements that will help climate change from taking place are introduction of some technical and engineering solutions to adjust to extreme weather conditions. Other mitigation options include; cutting down of emissions from fossil fuel during its ext raction and conversion process, energy companies to switch energy production to lower-carbon fuels for example from coal use to gas use. Encouraging use of renewable energy technologies is also a useful mitigation option in curbing negative climate change brought about by emissions (Basset 2015). Discussion The implications of the results of this study for practice will entail organizations all over the world to be faced with the obligation of making necessary changes in regards to the reduction of carbon emission and hence impact positively to climate change and the environment. It is the obligation of the organizations mainly the energy sector to implement various technologies that have come up that cause some improvements especially in the thermal power plants. These technologies have resulted in gains that have compensated the losses incurred before due to high ambient temperatures. Other improvements that the energy sector should consider so as to aid in climate change from taking place are introduction of some technical and engineering solutions to adjust to extreme weather conditions. Coal mining organizations are keen on improving drainage, coal storage and changes in coal handling in regards to the moisture content of coal. Pipeline operators have also come up with construction standards that are less risky for new pipelines. Other mitigation options include; cutting down of emissions from fossil fuel during its extraction and conversion process, energy companies to switch energy production to lower-carbon fuels for example from coal use to gas use (Wolff 2016). Encouraging use of renewable energy technologies is also a useful mitigation option in curbing negative climate change brought about by emissions. Other options are such as increasing the use of nuclear energy and also ensuring there is reduced final energy demand. The implications of the results for theory will be gain in information regarding roles of both the organizations and the climate change in energy production and power generation which is an important factor in the world. One will be able to learn how energy demand is increasing globally every other day and this cause greenhouse gas emission from the energy sectors to increase as well. The increase in demand is brought about by increase economic growth as well as increase in population. So as to satisfy the demand more and more energy is required and organizations are left with no choice but to supply sufficient energy demand globally. However, sustainable mitigation options have come up and the energy sector is keen on ensuring that the climate is not affected and preventing measures regarding carbon emissions is reduced substantially (Statham 2014). Conclusion Climate change will continue to affect the energy sector theoretically and practically for as long as the energy sector is not ready to set up mitigation options that are sustainable. Organizations all over the world are therefore faced with the obligation of making necessary changes in regards to the reduction of carbon emission and hence impact positively to climate change and the environment. However, extensive research have been made and it has been found out that climate change is unequivocal and mainly human activities in collaboration with organizations activities have contributed to carbon dioxide emissions and this has greatly impacted the climate negatively. The limitation of this study is the fact that climate change is unequivocal and carbon emissions only cannot be the only cause of this drastic and unpredictable climate changes. However, these gas emissions from organizations have proven to be major parties in creating climate changes. There are adaptive options that ar e available to be used as preventive measure of greenhouse gas emissions. These measures are such as ensuring there is cutting emissions from fossil fuel extraction and conversion. There is also the option of organizations ensuring that they switch to other lower carbon fuels like doing away with coal burning to introduction of gas. Organizations can also improve the energy efficiency in regards to transmission and energy distribution. Another adaptation option is organizations ensuring there is increase in usage of renewable and nuclear generation and also the introduction of carbon capture storage so that it does not escape into the atmosphere and cause harm. References: Basset, LI, (2015), Low-carbon technologies and incentivizing investments. Cambridge. Oxford University Press. Basset, LI, (2015), Low-carbon technologies and incentivizing investments. Cambridge. Oxford University Press. Daniels, MK (2011), The future of carbon emission and climate change: data, trends, and implications, Journal of global warming, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 33-37. Daniels, MK (2011), The future of carbon emission and climate change: data, trends, and implications, Journal of global warming, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 33-37. Kang, D. (2017). Exploring impact of climate change - 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017, https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/ipcc Kang, D. (2017). Exploring impact of climate change - 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017. https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/ipcc Locke, JL 2011, Mitigation measures taken to reduce GHG emissions globally, London. Oxford University Press (2014). Impact of global warming to the energy sector industry. Retrieved 24 September 2017.https://www.worldenergy.org Propwise. (2014). Impact of global warming to the energy sector industry. Retrieved 24 September 2017.https://www.worldenergy.org Rouse, M. (2017). What is carbon emission and its implications to climate change? - Definition from WhatIs.com. SearchCIO. Retrieved 24 September 2017, from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/carbon emission and climate change. Rouse, M. (2017). What is carbon emission and its implications to climate change? - Definition from WhatIs.com. SearchCIO. Retrieved 24 September 2017, from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/carbon emission and climate change. Statham, B. (2014). World energy council and climate updates. Implications for the energy sector. Cambridge. Oxford University Press. Statham, B. (2014). World energy council and climate updates. Implications for the energy sector. Cambridge. Oxford University Press. Symonn, C. and Black, R. (2014). Increase in global energy demands. A look at causes of greenhouse gas emissions. Harvard Symonn, C. and Black, R. (2014). Increase in global energy demands. A look at causes of greenhouse gas emissions. Harvard Verzuh, E (2016), The energy sector and climate change implications, 5th edn, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. Verzuh, E (2016), The energy sector and climate change implications, 5th edn, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. Walker, D. and Lloyd, B. (2017). Effects of greenhouse gas emissions to the environment.pmi.org. Retrieved 24 September 2017. https://www.GHGemissions.pdf Walker, D. and Lloyd, B. (2017). Effects of greenhouse gas emissions to the environment.pmi.org. Retrieved 24 September 2017. https://www.GHGemissions.pdf Wolff, M. (2015). Adapting energy policies and co-benefits and risks. Arizona. Wolff, M. (2015). Adapting energy policies and co-benefits and risks. Arizona

Lead Time Management in Garment Sector Essay Example

Lead Time Management in Garment Sector Essay European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol. 33 No. 4 (2009), pp. 617-629  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http://www. eurojournals. com/ejsr. htm Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth Nuruzzaman Department of Marketing, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh Ahasanul Haque Department of business Administration, International Islamic University Malaysia, Box No. 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract Bangladesh has emerged as an important supplier of quality readymade garments in the global market. The spectacular growth of garment sector in Bangladesh in recent years has dramatically changed the landscape of export composition of the country. Once heavily dependent on exports of primary products lead by Jute, the economy of Bangladesh is now experiencing almost 76% export contribution from readymade garments (RMG). The sector has now occupied an important place in Bangladesh national economy. Nevertheless, all is not well in this sector. It faces numerous challenges and it is now on the crossroad with the phasing out of quota system, GSP facilities and new provisions of WTO. In this study attempts have been made to find out the ways to face the competitive business environment by the efficient management process towards the lead time reduction. The main purpose of this article is to analyse the business process of the garment sector to find out it’s lead time minimization process. The study has been concluded by the development of a new diagram of business process with the outcome that the other management process in the supply chain is an important factor rather than process management in the lead time minimization process. We will write a custom essay sample on Lead Time Management in Garment Sector specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lead Time Management in Garment Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lead Time Management in Garment Sector specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Keywords: RMG, Lead Time Minimisation, Management process, Supply Chain. Introduction The spectacular growth of garment sector in Bangladesh in recent years has dramatically changed the landscape of export composition of the country. Once heavily dependent on exports of primary products led by Jute, the economy of Bangladesh is now experiencing almost 76% (Nuruzzaman, 2005)export contribution from Readymade garments (RMG). The sector has now occupied an important place in our national economy. With the blessings of cheap labour, pressure for globalisation of production based on location economies as well as the favourable treatment from developed countries, Bangladesh and some other developing countries have gradually become the global players in international trade in RMG. However, the Multi-fibre Arrangement facility, which was extended to favour the least, developed countries in exporting garments and textile has phased out after 2005. Consequently, the beneficiaries of MFA, including Bangladesh are facing severe competition in the unprotected world market. At present, this sector is facing numerous challenges nationally and globally. Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth 618 Bangladesh is one of the leading readymade garments exporters in the global market. The changing global environment in business and the development of GATT into WTO raises many important questions regarding increase in export in the Textile and garment sector for a developing country like Bangladesh. To survive in this sector Bangladesh must take immediate pragmatic policies enabling itself to compete more efficiently in the changing business environment through minimisation of lead time. In the beginning of 1990s, the lead time was 120-150 days (Azad, 2004) but in 2007, it was reduced to 30-50 days, i. e. at present it is 90-100 days (Khan, 2007). China requires only 30 days due to their textile and other backward linkage facilities as well as export friendly management and supporting policy. It is 45-60 days in India and Pakistan (Nuruzzaman, 2008). Therefore it appears that in the present situation Bangladesh RMG industry will not be able to compete successfully in the international market for the existence of unusually long lead time. This is specifically the main problem area of present research. To compete successfully in the fiercely competitive post-MFA global free trade market, the manufacturers must be adequately equipped with the latest knowledge of scientific management in minimizing lead time and other management deficiencies (Nuruzzaman, 2007). We have to give all out support o this sector and have to build up the backward linkage industry to reduce the dependence on imported raw materials and to minimize lead-time. Therefore, we need to find out some alternative supply mechanism to minimize lead-time. Here in this study steps also will be taken to focus on the lead-time management by presenting some successful and unsuccessful operations in the lead-time management process. The purpose of the present study is about analysing the existing situation specially the lead-time management in the RMG sector of Bangladesh. Theoretical Concepts RMG Business Structure Readymade garment is a labour intensive industry and relatively simple technology compared to other high-tech industries. The RMG manufacturing units are like tailor’s shop; getting order from the foreign buyers and then import raw materials specially fabrics from the foreign suppliers or sometimes buy from the local market as per order, then manufacture garments and supply those to the buyers (Munir, Q. and Salim, R. 2000). Figure 1: Business Structure of Bangladeshi RMG Industries Foreign buyers Supply of finished goods Local raw materials suppliers Collect raw materials Garments company (Manu facturer) Information flow Foreign raw materials suppliers Source: Nuruzzaman, 2007 In the RMG sector, the Manufacturer Raw materials Supplier relationship is different. In this industry the main raw materials are fabrics (Cloths) and few accessories are like button, collar etc. About 80% of the suppliers of accessories are local and accessories suppliers are not responsible to increase lead time. The lead time is getting higher due to import of fabrics mainly from China, Indonesia and India. The total average time to import fabrics from abroad is 50-65 days and this is the 19 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque main reason for long lead time (BGMEA research cell). In the process of import of fabrics from the foreign suppliers lies the main reason for long lead time. The process is visualised in fig. -2 below. Figure 2: Business structure and raw materials collection process Buying house Foreign buyers Local raw material suppliers Garments company (Manufacturer) For eign materials suppliers raw Problem area Order flow Collect raw materials Final product supply flow Information flow Source: Nuruzzaman, 2007 Lead Time Theory Todays customers around the globe demand product as they want it, when they want it, and at the best possible price. In todays highly competitive global marketplace they are placing greater value on quality and delivery time. Manufacturers similarly have begun to place more value on quality and delivery time and companies are trying to gain a competitive edge and improve profitability through cutting cost, increasing quality and improving delivery. However it is safe to say that the more competitive the industry, the more shortened lead times will help. In competitive industries, short lead time will differentiate a company from its competitors, leading to increase sales (Charies J. Murgiano, CPIM). Lead time is one of the main competitive factors among companies. The ability to deliver quickly influences export, sales and thereby revenue. The definition of lead-time can vary, depending on what part of the company is focused upon. It normally includes all activities from start to end. Leadtime begins with the first receipt of a customer order and ends with customer receipt of the product or service. Everything in between is the lead-time (2004, elsmar. com). Lead-time refers to the time lag between placing an order and receiving it (Li, 2000). In this study lead-time is defined as the time it takes from getting order from a customer and received the delivered product by that customer (Azad, 2004). At present, the average lead time is 90-120 days. It is sometimes 100-130 days. Total lead-time is made up of time devoted to processing orders, to procuring and manufacturing items, and to transporting items between the various stages of the supply chain. However, lead times can often be reduced if items are transported immediately after they are manufactured or arrive from suppliers (David Simchi et al. , 2000). Lead-time typically includes two components: Information lead times (i. e. , the time it takes to process an order) and Order lead times (i. e. , the time it takes to produce and ship the item). Information lead time can be reduced by using very sophisticated and modern communication system while Order lead time can be reduced through efficient supply chain management (Simchi-Levi, David, 2000) A researcher named Marc Smith explained lead time in two ways (www. lsmar. com, 2004). First, Customer lead time, which refers to the time span between customer ordering and customer receipt. Second, Manufacturing lead time, which refers to the time span from material availability at the first processing operation to completion at the last operation. In his paper Marc Smith developed theories for the reduction of lead time in the equip ment manufacturing company specially in vehicle manufacturing company. It is also applicable to the RMG sector. In the lead time reduction process, Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth 20 identifying the beginning of the process and walking through the process is very important. In the RMG sector after order confirmation the process begins by sending information to the suppliers for raw materials (fabrics + accessories) and the process run through shipment of final product and received by the buyers. The whole of this process is comprised of the following steps order submission, scheduling sequencing, manufacturing and distribution. A manufacturer may be able to reduce lead time by taking some strategic measures in all of these four stages. From the above theory it is clear that the total lead time is customer lead time. Therefore we can write that; Customer lead time = [{Information lead time} + {Order lead time}] Total lead time = [{Information lead time} + {(manufacturing lead time) + (shipping time for import fabrics) + (Shipping time for export final product)} (Note that, Shipping time for import includes shipping time, unloading time and transport time from port to manufacturing point. Shipping time for export includes manufacturing time for final products and shipping time for export) Objective of the study The purpose of the present study is about analysing the present situation specially of the lead time management in the present business process of RMG export from Bangladesh. In view of the above purpose the specific objective of the study is to focus on reducing the lead time in relation to the business process and supply chain management. However the objectives of this study are; 1) To analyse the order lead time management process and 2) To develop a new business process to minimization of lead time Research Methodology The study is based absolutely on primary data. The primary data have been collected through free discussion and interviews with the key personnel of different company. Primary data have been collected from 50 Bangladeshi RMG units including 5 leading garment factories of Dhaka City on the basis of structured questionnaire designed in the light of the objective of the study. In this study the sample units have been selected randomly but 5 leading factories purposively. Interviews have been taken from Managing Directors, Managers and other officials of the merchandise department. Secondary data were also collected from some reports, articles, various stuffs that were provided by the companies. Collected literature, data and information have been analyzed in line with the objectives of the study. In this study conceptually developed some model, Lead time measurement equation have been used. As a real example, business process of a sample company has been discussed with the lead time measurement equation. Qualitative research method and various statistical tools like averages, percentages, growth rate etc. have been used in this study to interpret and analyze the collected data in the descriptive way. Findings and Analysis The RMG industry of Bangladesh still plays the role of tailor in the garments business. The required fabrics and limited accessories till now come from abroad. The industry is heavily dependent on imports and had to spend about 55-75 days to import fabrics from abroad (Nuruzzaman, 2007). This backdrop is the main reason for long lead time. Bangladesh garment export in volume is increasing @ 15-20 percent for the last 20 years, whereas Bangladesh RMG are depending only on Chittagong port (Nuruzzaman, 2007). The facilities of Chittagong port have not increased at the same rate. The containers kept stuck up in the port and 621 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque many containers remain jammed for 15-20 days, which is required to be released within three days. If the raw materials remain idle in the container at Chittagong port for 10-15 days, the garment industry would definitely face a serious negative impact (Kutubuddin Ahmed, 2002). According to an estimate, it takes about four days for goods to reach Chittagong from Singapore. But in a very sharp contrast, it takes about 18 to 19 days or nearly three weeks on average for the same goods to travel to the inland container depot (ICD) at Kamalapur in Dhaka. Besides the dilatory and cumbersome customs procedure and port operations also significantly delay the movement or release of goods. In Chittagong port it takes about 6 days to unload goods from a ship whereas for the same goods it takes just few hours in Singapore (M. Taheruddin,2004). About port management Mr. Anisul Haque, MD of Mohammadi group and former president of BGMEA stated,â€Å" Unfortunately we are spending 15-20 days to receive our fabrics from sea port to our factory and it is playing the main role to increase lead time†. Again to find out the probable causes of long lead time and for the empirical analysis 50 firms including 5 leading garments units have been chosen to collect primary data. They mentioned many causes behind this problem when interviews were taken but in the interview 100% i. e. f the 36 number respondents (Though 50 firms were chosen but 36 firms were interviewed successfully) put their comment on import dependency as a most important cause for increased lead time. Then 91. 66% i. e. 33 respondents on CBW, 75% i. e. 27 respondents on inefficient port management, 69. 44% i. e. 25 respondents on poor infrastructure and 41. 66% i. e. 15 respondents on communication system respectively. The same causes were ident ified in our analysis based on secondary data. This fact enhances the credibility of our findings. At the time of interview, the Managing Director of A. K. J. Fashions limited divided the lead time into three stages as it is illustrated in fig. -3. First stage, from P-Q (Fabrics suppliers – Sea port) the approximate lead time for the first stage is 40-55 days including the manufacturing time of fabrics, then from Q-R (Sea port Manufacturer) the approximate lead time for the second stage is 15-20 days and at last from RMG (Manufacturer Buyer) the approximate lead time for the last stage is 35-45 days. Figure 3: Basic Supply chain of Bangladeshi RMG Industries P Raw material Suppliers Source: Nuruzzaman, 2007 Q Sea Port R Manufacturers M Buyers The present estimated time from point Q to point R is unnecessary. Here the main task is unloading the container and carry it to the manufacturing point. The total procedure can be done by only 2 or 3 days through efficient management in port and good transportation system. But due to inefficiency of port management and poor transportation system it takes 15 to 20. From the above observation it is clear to us that, just for import of raw materials Bangladeshi manufacturers are forced to spend 55-75 days more. So import dependency for fabrics is the main reason of longer lead time. In the present analysis mainly the â€Å"Order lead time† (see the Lead time theory) will be considered and will be shown how can we reduce that time by an appropriate supply chain management. The manufacturers were asked a number of questions emphasizing this theme, how inefficient management in the chain can affect lead-time, and also what the consequences can be. In the interview when it was asked, all the manufacturers responded, order lead time is the main factor behind the lead time problem in the RMG sector. We can reduce maximum. 30 days by taking proper step in the supply chain. Most of the manufacturers responded that lead-time can be influenced if the buyer make contract with the raw material suppliers before giving final order to the manufacturers and if the government bodies take proper measures to increase efficiency at sea port. The Managing Director of Azmat Group stated, â€Å"We generally place order to the fabric suppliers after final contract Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth 622 with the buyers and count 15-20 days to make fabrics. This manufacturing lead time can be reduced by the help of buyers or buying house. They can make ready their required fabrics at first and then they can make contract with us. As such we need not waste 15-20 days for the required fabrics. † Some manufacturers pointed out two main points responsible to increase lead time i. e. shipping time and unloading procedure at port. Some other manufacturers pointed out the poor infrastructure in railway and road transport to move their materials from port to manufacturers factory. They all believe that order lead-time can be reduced if government authorities take proper steps o increase the efficiency of the port and develop the rail and road transport. It seems that the respondents have different but almost same opinions on this issue. A manufacturer, K. M. Fashions Ltd. , expressed his opinion in a more logical way and stated, â€Å"To reduce lead-time effectively we have to reduce import dependency as soon as possible. Immediately we can reduce 30-40% lead time only by proper and efficient management in the supply c hain. † The largest RMG manufacturer Opex group responded, Lead time is generally 90-120 days for the woven garments. But immediately we can reduce 30% of lead time through proper management in supply chain during import of fabrics and 15% would be possible by only developing port facilities. If we develop our textile sector and procure fabrics from the local market we can reduce 60% of total lead time. For the knitwear garments we procure all raw materials from the local market so there is no lead time problem in the Knitwear garments sector. From the above discussion, it appears that the manufacturers of RMG sector mainly face order lead time problem and this problem occurred in the supply chain due to inefficient management. Time consumed in the first four steps in the supply chain is the basic reasons for increasing lead time. It is possible to reduce a major portion of order lead time by improving the other three areas namely, communication, port management and transport management in the supply chain. We can get a clear idea about lead time in the supply chain by considering the equation of lead time and put average estimated time collected from the interviews for each step. We know that; Total lead time = [{Information lead time}+ {(Order lead time)}] Or, = [{Information lead time} + {(time to manufacturing fabrics) + (time to shipment of fabrics)+(time to unloading fabrics and customs formalities at port) + (time to take fabrics from port to manufacturing point) + (time to sample approval and production of final product)+ Time to shipment or export of final products)}] Or, 120 = [{7} + {(15)+ (25)+(14)+(6) + (23)+(30)}] From the above equation, we can say that through the first four stages a manufacturer received fabrics from the suppliers after 60 days on average. Out of this the shipping time of 25 days is constant. There is no chance to reduce this shipping time but we can reduce the rest 35 days. There are two parties and various activities involved between suppliers and manufacturers in the supply chain. It can be seen in the fig. -4 broadly. The activities and time consumption area have been illustrated here through four boxes (A-D) or stages. Figure 4: Lead-time and fabrics importing process A B C D Manufacturin Suppliers Manufacturing g fabrics Shipping time (Receive order time shipment of fabrics) Unloading Manufacturer Unloading fabrics at sea s plant/ transportation time port warehouse Source: Nuruzzaman, 2007 623 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque After final contract with the buyers, manufacturers first place order to the foreign fabrics supplier (A). Then the supplier manufactures fabrics (B) and send fabrics by shipment. After a certain time the ship reaches at the port (C). Here after unloading and completing some custom formalities fabrics are sent through train or road transport to the manufacturers production-plant/warehouse (D). For this total process from A-D manufacturers need 55-75 days. At the time of import a proper management in the supply chain can reduce 30-35 days. The rest of the time of 25-35 days is needed only for shipment. It is known from the interview that most of the buyers have no regional offices in Dhaka. These are either in Bangkok or Singapore. One of the largest European garment sub-contractors based in Dhaka is Hennes Mauritaz (HM) from Sweden (Asia invest, p-11, Sector 4. ). The regional offices and the buyers resident in Dhaka can build a stock of the required quality of fabrics in advance before making final contract with the manufacturers. It will definitely reduce the manufacturing time. Again the proper and efficient management at port and good transportation system can reduce time to receive raw materials from port to manufacturing plants. But if we avoid fabric import altogether then we can reduce 55-75 days from the total lead time and we will be able to assure export of RMG products by 45-60 days regularly. Landmark group is a leading garment manufacturer in the knitwear sector of Bangladesh. It states, we do not face lead time problem for our RMG products. We generally take 45-60 days to export our product because we need not to spend any time to import raw materials. We procure all knit fabrics and accessories from the local market. Therefore in conclusion we can say that by efficient supply chain management we can reduce 29% of total lead time. But to survive in the competition we have to reduce lead time by minimum 50% and we can reduce 55-60% of total lead time by avoiding import and abolishing import dependency attitude. Analysis the lead time management of a model Company (Sharmin Group) The company’s some successful and unsuccessful business process with different buyers have been analysed here to have a clear idea about the way to minimisation of lead time. Generally, after getting final order, the company collects fabrics as per buyers direction from the foreign suppliers. After collection of fabrics they prepare sample as per design. Then after approval of the sample the company goes for mass production and shipment to the buyers. To complete the whole process the company generally takes about 90-120 days but sometimes for some buyers it takes about 110-140 days. There are also some buyers who complete the whole process by only 50-60 days. The company takes 45-50 days in all to approve the sample and finish the production following the sample approval process. We can see the sample approval flow chart in the fig. -1 of Appendix-1. Some buyers like BMB Apparels follows this sample approval flow chart, but most of the buyers even follow shorter processes. The interview was taken very closely with the Managing Director of Sharmin Group. At the time of interview he was found scared for the possible awful situation in the post MFA period. He stated, we have all but just for want of fabrics we are going to face stiff competition. What he said about the business operations of the company could be summerised as follows. After getting the final order, the company communicates with the suppliers through e-mail and over telephone. For this task the company spend few days. Mr. Hossain said that they were not worried about the information lead time. They generally take 5-7 days for this process. He said, â€Å"In the garment business suppliers are not permanent, we had to communicate with one or more suppliers for fabrics in time after getting final order. A good numbers of accessories are procured from the local market. So e-mail and telephonic communication are sufficient for the RMG companies. At the time of interview it was gathered that the company was facing problem mainly in the supply chain i. e. order lead time for importing fabrics. The company, Sharmin group also faces problem in the sample approval process. In the supply chain the company had to spend 45 days on an Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth 624 average which is not negligible . Again, the sample approval process is also cumbersome. It takes enough time and thus contributes to increase lead time problem. Mr. Hossain expressed that the company could reduce a certain portion of lead time by taking some appropriate measures but 60% of lead time can be reduced by avoiding import dependency and by considering alternative source of fabrics supply. In Fig. -2 of appendix-1 the estimated time can be seen at different stages of the manufacturing process of Sharmin group. The estimated time was shown according to the information delivered by the Managing Director of Sharmin Group. Most of the buyers follow in this process to purchase garments from this company. At the time of our discussion on the present situation of the RMG business, Managing Director of this company told us that he was afraid for the post MFA period. The company was certainly going to lose its business due to long lead time in the post MFA period. He urged that immediately we should take some proper measures to reduce lead time. At the time of interview it has been informed that the company was doing business successfully with a European company where lead time was in between 45 to 60 days. It is the competitive lead time in the RMG sector of Bangladesh. In the figure-2 of Appendix-1 total business process of Sharmin group has been visualised through A-F stages. From this figure we can get clear information about the estimated time in six different stages like, A-B, B-C, C-D, D-E, E-F and from F to Buyers. The total lead time in this process for Sharmin group is 120-140. There is a buyer named BMB Apparels doing business with Sharmin. It strictly follows 100% of the sample approval flow chart the RMG business process like the figure-12 (see appendix-1). Therefore its average lead time is 130 days. But the other buyers like JC Penny, American Eagle do not maintain the sample approval flow chart of fig. -1(Appendix-1). They approve sample in a normal procedure and spend 5-10 days for approval. In this case they take help from local office or local agent. Therefore their average lead time is in between 90-120 days. At present the company is doing business successfully with Corona maintaining a minimum lead time. In this regard Mr. Hossain urged, â€Å"we have to consider this success story with the buyer like Corona and find ways and means to deliver garments product to the buyer by 45-60 days†. When asked for the reasons for the success in the business to the Managing Director, opined his success is mainly due to the procurement of fabrics from the local market. The buyer Corona at first makes their fabrics ready then contact with the manufacturer for order placement. The buyer takes just one or two days for sample approval. As a result the company is able to cut down the lead time by about 60-70 days. According to the figure-2 (Appendix-1), the average information lead time is 6 days and the average order lead time is 129 days for the Sharmin group. So reduction of order lead time is the crux of lead time problem. Out of 129 days, in the supply chain, total average lead time is 52 days. By taking some proper measures like making fabrics available in advance, developing inland transportation system, improving management efficiency at port etc. , it is possible to reduce about 23 days in B, C, D and E stages of supply chain. In the supply chain the rest of the time is for shipment. The company can cut down this time only by avoiding import. It is also possible to reduce 30 days in sample approval process by adopting normal sample approval process performed by other buyers or by encouraging the buyers to open a local office in Bangladesh. Considering the equation of lead time and putting value in that equation three types of buyer of this company can be analysed. First time we are considering BMB apparels from UK. We know that; Total lead time = [{Information lead time}+ {(Order lead time)}] Or, = [{Information lead time} + {(fabrics manufacturing time) + (fabrics shipment time)+ (unloading and transportation time) + (sample approval and production time of garments product)+ (shipment time for export of final products)}] = [{6}+ {(11) + (24) +(12)+(35+12)+(30)}] So, total average lead time = 130 days In this study for the BMB buyer, manufacturers order lead time is 124 days. In the supply chain the company spends totally (11+24+12) = 47 days for import of fabrics where 20 days can be saved. 625 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque Time for the last two stages is common for all manufacturers. Here manufacturer spends (47+30) = 67 days where maximum time is consumed by sample approval. The company spends about 35 days for sample approval process for this buyer. It is unusual. So here sample approval process is the main reason for increasing lead time. Secondly, the buyer JC Penny from USA has been considered. For this buyer, Total lead time = [{Information lead time}+ {(Order lead time)}] Or, = [{Information lead time} + {(time to manufacturing fabrics) + (time to shipment of fabrics)+(time to unloading fabrics and customs formalities at port) + (time to take fabrics from port to manufacturing point) + (time to sample approval and production of final product)+ shipment time to export of final products)}] = [{6} + {(12)+ (25)+(14)+(6) + (23)+(30)}] So, total average lead time = 116 days Now form the above calculation it is clear that doing business with the buyer JC Penny, USA, manufacturers order lead time is 110 days. In the supply chain the company spends totally (12+25+14+6) = 56 days for importing fabrics where about 24 days can be reduced. Times for the last two stages are common to all manufacturers. Here manufacturer spends (23+30) = 53 days. Where maximum 10 days is spent for sample approval. It is a normal process. So in the above calculations it has been observed that the four values as underlined above are the principal reasons for the increase of lead time. Thirdly has been considered the buyer of ‘Corona’ from Italy. For this buyer, Total lead time = [{Information lead time}+ {(Order lead time)}] Or, = [{Information lead time} + {(time to sample approval and production of final product)+ (shipment time to export of final products)}] = [{1}+ (17)+(30)}] So, total average lead time = 48 days. Here in this case the manufacturer does not have to import fabrics for Corona. The buyer himself supplies fabrics from their own textile mill located in Bangladesh. For this reason the order lead time is only 47 days. After getting order the company spends totally 48 days in the supply chain to export final products to the buyer. In this case as there is no need to import of fabrics the RMG company does not face any manufacturing lead time, transportation related problem and unloading related problem at port. Therefore the manufacturer does not have any problem in the supply chain. We know time required for the last two stages are common to all manufacturers. So there is no scope to reduce this time. Here buyer (Corona) communicates with the prospective manufacturer over telephone and takes the sample to the manufacturer physically and approves the sample within two/three days. For that reason information lead time and sample approval time are very minimal in the total lead time. From the above discussion and analysis of some buyer’s success and other failure in reducing lead time, one can draw a conclusion that if Sharmin group could avoid import and collect fabrics from the local market, the lead time would be between 45-60 days. It will be more competitive if the buyer would open a local office in Dhaka. This will minimise sample approval process. While integrating all the findings from the survey and the case study we can draw a conclusion that in the current RMG business manufacturers are facing lead time problem due to import dependency i. e. import of fabrics from foreign market. This problem is exacerbated due to inefficiency in the supply chain management. Lead time could be further reduced by taking some appropriate measures in manufacturing, unloading and transportation system but it does not help the manufacturer to be more competitive. If the manufacturers could find some alternative source of supply in the local market and collect fabrics locally. That will be more logical, appropriate and helpful in the direction of lead time reduction. Considering all the above analyses a new model of RMG business process has been proposed in fig. -7, which is expected to be helpful in reducing lead time. Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth Figure 7: Proposed business process for RMG Industries in Bangladesh Buying house/ Buyers agent 626 Foreign buyers Local market Garments company (Manufacturer) Backward linkage industries Buyers own textile mills Order flow Collect raw materials Final product supply flow Information flow Conclusion The RMG sector of Bangladesh has entered in the quota free market after 2005. From that time this sector is in a very disadvantageous situation due to long lead time which has negative impact on export growth. Through analysis of empirical data it has been found that import dependency is the major bottleneck and it is the main factor for greater lead time. Just due to import of fabrics manufacturers are to count shipment time, unloading time, customs clearance time and transportation time from port to ICD( Inland container depot ) at Kamalapur, Dhaka. Import dependency arises out of the absence of sufficient backward linkage industry and for this reason a total additional 55-75 days are spent in the import process of fabrics by RMG sector of Bangladesh. As a result this sector is facing long lead time which is 90 to 130 days on the average. From the analysis it is clear that the impact of information lead time is very negligible on total lead time. It contributes only 6%. However, order lead-time has a great role to increase the lead time. By the analysis it was found that fabrics manufacturing time, shipping time, unloading time and transportation time are included in the order lead time. In conclusion considering the above analysis it has been found that import dependency is contributing 50% or more in the problem of long lead time and it is the main factor for the problem of long lead time in the RMG sector. Sample approval is another factor contributing for long lead time. The buyer from Italy for ‘Corona’ brand taking 48 days to complete all the process. It is the standard lead time to compete with the other manufacturer and exporter of the world. It becomes possible only for avoiding import of fabrics. For the buyer of Corona, manufacturer collects fabrics from the local market from their own textile. So, reduction of lead time is possible when the RMG sector ensure the availability of fabrics from the local market by developing backward linkage industry specially in the oven sector and by establishing textile mills by the buyer for their own consumption. 27 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque Azad, R. (2004), Readymade Garment Industry in Bangladesh: Competitiveness and sustainability, unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Dept. of Marketing, R. U. , Bangladesh. BGMEA research cell, BGMEA, BTMC Bhaban, 7-9, Kawranbazar, Dhaka. Charles J. Murgiano, CPIM, Short lead time=Tall profit, Wellesley: Waterloo Manufacturing Software, Advanced Planning and Sched uling Technology Paper, http://www. waterloosoftware. com/leadtime. html, Retrieve; December 10,2007. Cooke and Morgan (1998), The Association Economy, England; Oxford University Press. Gothenburg University website (2005), http://elsmar. com/Lead_Time/tsld006. htm, Retrieved on September, 2005. Khan, Shahiduzzaman (2007), â€Å"Apparel Industry faces daunting tasks ahead†, Editorial report, Financial Express, September 9, 2007. Kutubuddin Ahmed (2002), Impact of MFA phase out on the apparel industry of Bangladesh and remedial measures fir its survival, Bangladesh Apparel and Textile Exposition souvenir, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Li, J. Q. , Shaw, M. J. and Tan, G. W. , (2000) Evaluating Information Sharing in Two-level supply chain, management science, 1999. M. Taheruddin (2004), Problems and prospects of Garment Industry, The Daily Ittefaq, Wednesday, 23rd June, Dhaka, Bangladesh, P- 10 Munir Quddus, Salim Rashid (2000), Entrepreneurs and Economic development- The Remarkable Story of Garment Exports from Bangladesh, The University Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh, P (23-80). Nuruzzaman, Md. (2008), â€Å"Lead time reduction and the application of Process Management- A study on selected RMG units in Bangladesh†, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 10, June 2008, P-63 Nuruzzaman Md. (2007), Developing Export of RMG products in Bangladesh: Analysing the lead time†, Management Trends, Vol. , No. 1, P- 1 Nuruzzaman, Md. (2005), â€Å" Development of Readymade Garment Business (RMG) in the process of Lead Time reduction- A study on Bangladeshi Readymade Garment Sector†, Draft Master Thesis, GBS, Gothenburg University, Sweden Schary, Philip B. (2000), Managing the global supply chain, Indian edition, Viva books private limited, Delhi. Simchi-Levi, David, Kaminsky, Philip. and Simchi-Levi, Edith (2000), Designing and Managing the supply chain, McGraw-Hill international edition, Singapore. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 12] [13] [14] [15] Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth Internet source: http://elsmar. com/Lead_Time/tsld006. htm Retrieved on July 2004. 628 Appendix-1 Figure 1: Sample Approval Flow Chart Proto type Sample Green Seal Sample This should be made in the correct weight of material or knit. Requested by the QA/ Buying Office when an order is placed. The quality assurance team will make comments regarding fit and size. Also 1 meter of the intended bulk base fabric must be submitted for UK fibre content testing. Along with the completed test report request from stating the tests proposed for the style. Please note green seals will not be approved without the completed test request form Red Seal Sample A full size set in the correct base quality fabric and trims, in any available colour are requested in accordance to the critical path,(with enough time for a second remake to be made if necessary) before production commences. No samples are to be sent in substitute base fabrics. A full size set is required for all styles, but not all colours. Photo Samples and Presentation Samples The above samples must be a good representation of production in bulk fabric with correct details and trims( including labels). We require 2 samples per colour/style. Sizes to be confirmed by buyer. Press Samples Press samples will be required for ceretain styles and must be a good representation of production in bulk fabric, with correct details and trims(including labels). Sizes to be confirmed by buyer. Gold Seal Samples One sample of each colour in each size must be sent to the quality assurance team for the attention of the relevant technilogist. A minimum of 3 working days must be allowed for approval prior to shipment/despatch from factory. i. e. If 6 sizes and 5 colours, one samples of each size in each colour, and two sizes in the same colour. These need to be correct for style, size specification, fabric colour, trimming qualities and colours. Made to the correct manufacturing standards on the correct machinery. Mock Shop Samples Four samples per colourway, correctly packaged will be required with the gold seal samples for mock shop purposes, the buyer will confirm these. No shipment can be made without a signed certificate of relese from both the inspection team and buyers quality assurance department Repeats There is no requirements to obtain green red sealing samples for repeat purchases. However gold seals are required. Contract Placed Green Seal Sample Test request form to be completed Red Seal Sample Photo Press Sample Presentation Sample Gold Seal Samples original test reports. Approved certificate of release to be obtained Mock Shop Samples if required Inspection Shipping Source: constructed for this study based on interview 29 Figure: 2 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque A Manufacturer communicates with the suppliers Information time, 5-7 days Suppliers (Receive order of fabrics) Manufacturing time, 10-12 days Manufacturing fabrics shipment Shipment time, 2225 days Unloading fabrics at sea port transport to the Manufacturing point Unloading transportation time, 10-14 days Sample making, approval production Sample approval production time, 45-50 days B C D E F Shipment to the buyers Shipment time, 28-32 days Final destination Source: Constructed for this study Based on Interview

Keats And Longfellow Analysis Essays

Keats And Longfellow Analysis Essays Keats And Longfellow Analysis Paper Keats And Longfellow Analysis Paper When I Have Fears and Mezzo Caiman by John Keats and Henry Headwords Longfellow respectively, have similar themes such as the inevitability of death and the fear of living unfulfilled and inadequate lives. John Keats fears that he will live a life of inadequacy and fail to accomplish all of his dreams, but he understands that his goals are miniscule in the larger scope of life. Conversely, Longfellow maintains a morbid view of death and of the future itself, while Keats is more captivated by the human experience and despite his uncertainty about the future, feels that living is far more important than reaching his personal goals. The poems possess some commonalities, specifically in the beginning, where both complain about the temporary nature of life. Longfellow Half of my life is gone directly coordinates with Keats When I have fears that may cease to be. Both men fear that they will die before theyre able to accomplish their respective goals. Keats specifically fears that he will die Before my pen has gleaned my teeming brain, before he can get all of his thoughts onto paper and leave his mark on the world in a literary manner. Longfellow possesses a similar fear specifically that he has not fulfilled the aspiration of [his] youth and failed to build a tower of song with lofty parapet. Both men hope to leave some sort of lasting legacy on history but both understand that death is an inevitable fact of life and that time is running out for them to accomplish their goals. Neither man has accomplished all of his goals in life, whether it be Keats literary aspirations, or Longfellow wish to build a tower of song. However, both fear that the ultimate end will come too soon and put an end to their dreams. Despite both men fearing that death will come too soon for them, the apparent differences in their situations arise towards the middle of the poem. Specifically their experiences and views of love are expressly different. Longfellow has experienced times of passion and pleasure, but complains that the subsequent sorrow and care that it disabled him in the pursuit of his goals. Longfellow experiences of a love lost caused him great pain that slowed his progress towards his goals and ultimately adversely affected his life. However, Keats takes a different tone towards love. He views love as a beautiful and mysterious endeavor that he wishes to experience before his life ends. He feels that true love occurs With the magic hand of chance and finds it regrettable that he in unable to find true love. He thinks that his keen awareness of death will prevent him from being able to trace the huge cloudy symbols of high romance or prevent him from ever experiencing true love at all. Longfellow fear of death as well as his experiences in love keep him from completely accomplishing his goals, while Keats has lived an interesting and fulfilling life that he does not want to end, hence his fear of death. The end of the poems both show the conflicting attitudes towards life and death by using situations where the men can reflect on their lives and life in general. Both men walk to the edge of a geographical feature, Keats a shore, and Longfellow a hill overlooking a city. Keats looks forward to the future during his time resting on the shore and realizes that life is a grand endeavor, and a wide world exists outside the confines of his life. He realizes that his oils are unimportant on this grand scale and seems to find peace in this fact. Longfellow on the other hand, sees nothing but a vast city that symbolizes his past, and a cataract of Death thundering from the heights. Longfellow cannot move on from his past and henceforth cannot see any future for him at all, and will never achieve his aspirations. Keats on the other hand, realizes that he still has opportunity in his life and finds peace in the fact that he is still alive to achieve his goals, despite the realization that theyre not as significant as he once thought.

1. What Role Should the European Central Bank Play in the Current Essay

1. What Role Should the European Central Bank Play in the Current European Financial or Public Debt Crisis - Essay Example 3 The present European economic crisis has built up as a result of the countries within the continent struggling to pay up the debts they have been building up in the past few decades. Several countries within the union have failed to record an economic growth in turn failing to pay the bondholders their required guarantees. These countries include Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece and Ireland. 4The crisis was exposed by the American recession of the year 2007-2008 that made many countries in Europe experience slow financial growths due to the unsustainable fiscal policies that most European countries were utilizing.5 The countries that had not made financial reforms such as Greece were the first to feel the pain of the crisis when they experienced very high deficits in their budgets which were also unsustainable. 6 Investors who had interests within the countries that were experiencing financial difficulties in turn demanded superior yields on their bonds raising the costs of these coun tries debts.7 The union’s central bank should resist the idea of printing more money so that they can buy out the union’s distressed debts.8 In the month of December 2011, the central bank availed credit facilities to the troubled financial institutions that were within the region. This move that the central bank has been putting much effort in has not helped in solving the continents problems, however, it helped in boosting the confidence of potential investors who now perceive the economies that were largely in debt as experiencing slow growths in their activities. This move has additionally helped in preventing the collapse of the economies of some member countries along with keeping the European currency stable in the global monetary markets.9 The union’s central bank should establish legal instruments such as the European monetary stability facility with the cooperation of the

How does stigma and discrimation hinder recovery of patients with Essay

How does stigma and discrimation hinder recovery of patients with schizophrenia - Essay Example Research Method: Qualitative research will be done on this study and a thematic approach will be used as the study seeks to examine, investigate, locate and record patterns. A survey will be conducted. Sample: Non probability sampling method. A total of 60 sample units will be used, 40 being schizophrenic patients and 20 nurses or family members. Data collection: Interviews and focus groups will be used as tool of data collection. Data analysis: Data analysis will be conducted through SPSS software and the Burnard model of coding, which provides a model for data organisation. Findings and Result: Stigma and discrimination were observed to affect the schizophrenic patients through hindering recovery and even exacerbating the illness. Conclusion: Without the stigma and discrimination, schizophrenic people would recover fast and easily thus contributing to the society. The stigma and discrimination that follows a person after being diagnosed with schizophrenia is usually what leads them to an early grave. Schizophrenic patients have been misunderstood by many people for a long time How does Stigma and Discrimination hinder Recovery of Patients with Schizophrenia? Introduction Many individuals with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia have confirmed that the stigma they face from other people usually leads to more pain than the disease itself. Stigma reduces the patient’s self-esteem and denies them many social opportunities stigma. Stigma can be explained as the negative attitudes that people have towards others while discrimination is explained as unfair treatment of people due to their social grouping (Parle, 2012:2). Schizophrenia refers to a mental condition that extends over a long period of time, and causes numerous distinct psychological symptoms such as, hallucinations, delusions, and unusual behaviours (Sachdev and Keshavan, 2010:4). It is a psychotic condition where patients are incapable of discerning reality from their own thoughts and imagina tion (Chan and Sireling, 2010:107). The people suffering from this condition are pre-judged, therefore, finding it hard to maintain and sustain relationships, friendships and employment. Stereotype portrayed by the media have been blamed for the fear and ignorance about schizophrenic people (Bos, 2009:510). Background I came across a report at the beginning of the year, which suggested that out of every six workers in the United Kingdom, one usually suffers from a mental illness at a certain time in their career (Bevan, et al. 2013:5). With the country experiencing tough economic times recently, there was an upsurge in the number of working age people suffering from a variety of mental illnesses. A lot of attention was put on anxiety and depression but the health care sector seemed to forget about some extremely intense mental conditions like schizophrenia. It dawned on me that proper attention should be paid on schizophrenic patients and I decided to look at ways that a patient cou ld recover from such an illness. That was when I got the idea of investigating stigma and its effect on the recovery of schizophrenic patients came into mind. Research question formulation An excellent research question has to be accurate and precise. The research question formulated in this study is:In what ways does stigma and discrimination hind